LEDs to the rescue!
The lighting of artworks, particularly paintings has greatly improved in recent years largely due to the advances in LED lighting technology which effectively eliminates the problem of potential heat damage, allowing for greater levels of illumination than previously possible. With many of the great works of art being relit recently maybe we should revisit the basic principles.
Its important to differentiate between the approach to lighting paintings and lighting sculptures and other art installations. Surprisingly, these are often confused but the facts are simple:
Lighting Paintings
Even though art galleries have been around for centuries, there still remains controversy as to how the paintings should be displayed and, consequently, how they should be lit. The general consensus these days still leans towards the 1930' concept of the 'white cube' which was popularised by New York’s Museum of Modern art and continues to be employed today. The cube is generally lit from above either by diffused natural light or artificial light but the effect can prove rather sterile and uninviting for many visitors.
This, coupled with the expansion of art to include audio visual installations has led to many galleries (particularly private galleries) employing more specialised lighting techniques which I tend to favour. So, whether within the white box or not, this involves lighting each painting in isolation to highlight it and draw the observer into the painting. However, as with the whe box approach, the aim is to make lighting even across the entire surface of the painting. The light should exhibit a high CRI (colour rendition index) so that the colours reproduce accurately. (The precise colour temperature of the light source depends on many factors including the type of light the original painting was conceived in but a good starting point is around 4000 K).
Opinions differ as to the requirement for even illumination of a painting but in my option this is page one. An artist goes to considerable lengths to create depth, light & shade in a painting so the last thing the artist wants is for the lighting designer to put a different spin on it by altering the brightness in some areas of the painting. This is equally true if its lit from the wrong angle causing surface glare which reduces the effective contrast of the painting and over-exaggerates the texture of the paint and canvas.
Some would say that this doesn't apply to murals, especially when they're more of a trompe-l'oeil but in this case, the lighting of the room, including the manipulation of natural light, should attempt to match the painting, not the other way round.
Lighting Sculptures
The lighting of three dimensional artworks is a completely different matter since they rely on the way the natural light plays on them at different times of day to bring out different features so they provide an ideal opportunity for more creative lighting rather than basic illumination.
A good way to light sculptures in a gallery is by use of various individual hard light sources programmed to fade in at different times of day to replicate the movement of the sun. This should of course be combined with a certain amount of soft light to maintain a suitable contrast.
Audio Visual Installations
This type of art embraces the use of light more than any, since it is vital that the installation is designed to work within the space allotted and the lighting tuned to ensure that the installation is viewed and experienced in exactly the manner intended by the artist. Installations can range from video walls to a pile of bricks but whatever the type, the artist is as much a lighting designer as artist, working closely with lighting technicians and AV specialists to achieve the goal.
I feel sure that if the old masters were alive today they would embrace the new media and be determined to exercise control over the way their work is exhibited as do many modern artists, especially those working on installation art.
Digital Art Museums
There are now several museums which have taken the whole audio visual experience to the next stage, combining old masters with modern technology to create an immersive experience. Anyone remotely interested in art should pay one of them a visit; its truly inspiring. One of the best is the Atelier des Lumières in Paris:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlUFgonC-IA
